2016年新乡市食品中化学污染物监测结果分析

目的 对新乡市市售食品中有害化学物质污染进行监测,以评估食品安全现状,为采取相应控制措施提供科学依据。 方法 2016年,依据《2016年国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》抽取市内有代表性的4个区和7个县,随机采集488份样品,对10类食品150项次指标进行检测,按GB 2762-2012《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》、GB 2760-2014《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》及相关规定对检测结果进行评价。 结果 共检测样品 488份,合格 460 份,总合格率 94.26%,蔬菜及其制品合格率为90.00%,水果合格率为95.00%,肉及肉制品中亚硝酸盐和铬合格率分别为89.41%和68.75%,代用茶合格率为25.00%,儿童食品合格率为91.67%,酒类合格率为90.00%。代用茶中的镉检出率最高,为75.00%,其次皮冻中铬检出率为56.25%。 结论 新乡市食品安全总体情况尚可,但仍有重金属、农药残留量、亚硝酸盐等污染物超标现象。     

一株西沙来源软珊瑚共附生真菌Penicillium citrinum（15XS112ZM-18）次级代谢产物及其活性研究

目的 研究1株中国西沙群岛永兴岛海域短指软珊瑚Sinularia cf. molesta共附生真菌Penicillium citrinum (15XS112ZM-18)的次级代谢产物及其生物活性。方法 利用TLC、硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析、MPLC、半制备HPLC等方法,对菌株代谢物进行分离纯化;通过1H NMR及13C NMR等波谱学方法,结合相关文献数据,鉴定化合物结构;通过细胞毒活性模型评价化合物抗肿瘤活性。结果 从真菌P. citrinum (15XS112ZM-18)代谢产物中分离得到8个化合物,分别为：penicillenol A1 (1),penicillenol A2 (2),penicillenol B1 (3),penicillenol B2 (4),sorbicillin (5),2",3"-dihydrosorbicillin (6),ergosterol (7)和25–Hydroxyergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (8),其中化合物4在30 μmol L-1浓度下对HL-60细胞的抑制率达到100%,其IC50值为22.97 μmol L-1。     

麻黄属植物化学成分及临床应用的研究进展

目的：阐述麻黄属植物化学成分及临床应用的研究现状,为麻黄的临床应用提供新的思路。方法：查阅麻黄属植物相关研究文献,总结其化学成分及临床应用概况。结果：麻黄中主要的化合物有麻黄碱类、挥发油类、黄酮类、多糖类和少量的有机酸。目前在麻黄属植物麻黄中麻黄碱的应用十分广泛,除以中药配方应用于临床,已有60余种化学药品以盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱作为有效成分,主治咳嗽。对其挥发油类、黄酮类的临床应用研究不多。麻黄联合化学药品共同使用,弥补了传统中药配方煎熬过程中有效成分的丢失,可以使治疗效果更明显。麻黄多糖抗炎、镇痛、对免疫的影响作用机制尚不确定,有待进一步研究。结论：麻黄作为传统中药,具有较大的药用价值,将为其临床应用提供新的思路。     

艾叶的化学成分、药理作用及产品开发研究进展

艾叶为我国传统中药材,主要含有挥发油、黄酮、多糖、鞣酸、萜类及微量元素等多种化学成分。其药理作用较为广泛,包括抗菌、抗病毒、抗氧化、保肝利胆、止血及抗凝血、抗过敏、免疫调节、抗癌等。目前其应用集药品、食品、保健品等于一体,具有广阔的开发前景。对艾叶的化学成分、药理作用及产品的开发研究进展做一概述,为更合理有效地利用艾叶药材、开发艾叶产品提供参考。     

Pharmacoperone drugs: targeting misfolded proteins causing lysosomal storage-, ion channels-, and G protein-coupled receptors-associated conformational disorders

Introduction: Conformational diseases are caused by structurally abnormal proteins that cannot fold properly and achieve their native conformation. Misfolded proteins frequently originate from genetic mutations that may lead to loss-of-function diseases involving a variety of structurally diverse proteins including enzymes, ion channels, and membrane receptors. Pharmacoperones are small molecules that cross the cell surface plasma membrane and reach their target proteins within the cell, serving as molecular scaffolds to stabilize the native conformation of misfolded or well-folded but destabilized proteins, to prevent their degradation and promote correct trafficking to their functional site of action. Because of their high specificity toward the target protein, pharmacoperones are currently the focus of intense investigation as therapy for several conformational diseases.

Areas covered: This review summarizes data on the mechanisms leading to protein misfolding and the use of pharmacoperone drugs as an experimental approach to rescue function of distinct misfolded/misrouted proteins associated with a variety of diseases, such as lysosomal storage diseases, channelopathies, and G protein-coupled receptor misfolding diseases.

Expert commentary: The fact that many misfolded proteins may retain function, offers a unique therapeutic opportunity to cure disease by directly correcting misrouting through administering pharmacoperone drugs thereby rescuing function of disease-causing, conformationally abnormal proteins.     

Analogue synthesis reveals decoupling of antibiofilm and β‐lactam potentiation activities of a lead 2‐aminoimidazole adjuvant against Mycobacterium smegmatis

Biofilm formation is one of the many mechanisms bacteria utilize to survive antibiotic treatment. It has been demonstrated that when Mycobacterium tuberculosis exists in a biofilm in vitro, it expresses phenotypic resistance to antimicrobial drugs. As the in vivo survival of M. tuberculosis following drug treatment is potentially linked to a biofilm‐like expression of drug tolerance, it is hypothesized that biofilm dispersion should increase antibiotic susceptibility and reduce the duration of the current antibiotic treatment regimen. Previously, we have identified a 2‐aminoimidazole (2‐AI) compound capable of dispersing and inhibiting M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis biofilms in vitro. Additionally, this compound potentiated the activity of carbenicillin against M. tuberculosis and, to a lesser degree, M. smegmatis. Here, we describe a SAR study on this compound evaluating each derivative for biofilm dispersion and β‐lactam potentiation capabilities against M. smegmatis. This study identified a compound that improved upon the biofilm dispersion capabilities of the lead compound. Interestingly, a different compound was identified with an increased ability to potentiate a subset of β‐lactam antibiotics. These compounds indicate that biofilm dispersion and potentiation capabilities may not be associated.     

Survey on changes in subjective symptoms,onset/trigger factors,allergic diseases,and chemical exposures in the past decade of Japanese patients with multiple chemical sensitivity

Background

Recently, with rapid changes in the Japanese lifestyle, the clinical condition of patients with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) may also have undergone change. Thus, we conducted a new survey for subjective symptoms, ongoing chemical exposures, the prevalence of allergic diseases, and presumed onset/trigger factors in patients with MCS and compared results with those of an old survey from ten years ago.

分布于西藏地区的鼠尾草属植物化学成分研究进展

鼠尾草属Salvia是唇形科中最大的一属,全世界约有1 000余种。我国鼠尾草属植物资源丰富,分布于全国各地,尤以西南为最多。该属植物含有多种类型的化学成分,主要类型有倍半萜类、二萜类、三萜类和酚性类化合物等。为了更好的开发利用西藏地区鼠尾草属植物,该文将对分布于西藏地区鼠尾草属植物的化学成分进行综述。     

牡蛎共生菌Chaetomium globosum ML-4发酵液的化学成分及其体外抗肿瘤活性研究

采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、制备薄层色谱和高效液相色谱等方法对牡蛎共生菌Chaetomium globosum ML-4发酵液的化学成分进行分离纯化,获得5个化合物。利用高分辨质谱、核磁共振谱及文献比对的方法,将上述化合物分别鉴定为chaetoglobosin V(1),chaetoglobosin Vb(2),tyrosol(3),5-methyluracil(4),uracil(5)。采用MTT法测定化合物对人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721的体外细胞毒活性,结果发现,化合物1对SMMC-7721细胞具有明显的增殖抑制活性,其IC50为60.5 mg·L-1,阳性对照药顺铂的IC50为19.96 mg·L-1。进一步研究发现,化合物1可引起SMMC-7721细胞G2期细胞周期阻滞,并能诱导SMMC-7721细胞凋亡;SMMC-7721细胞中Bcl-2/Bax的比值下降,Caspases-3,-8,-9的表达增加,Akt蛋白的表达和磷酸化水平下降。上述结果表明,化合物1对SMMC-7721细胞的体外抗肿瘤活性与诱导细胞周期G2期阻滞以及细胞凋亡相关;其诱导凋亡作用同时涉及线粒体途径和死亡受体途径,且与PI3K/Akt信号通路活性下降相关。